If APPLE is coded as EPP, what is the pattern?

First letter shifted +4, others repeated (illustrative pattern)

In many simple coding questions, each letter is shifted by a fixed number. For example, if A→D, B→E, etc., then APPLE becomes DSSOH. Always check the given options for the exact rule.

Understanding Reasoning questions

Reasoning questions test pattern recognition rather than subject knowledge. They are solved by testing one hypothesis at a time against every element in the question.

How to approach it

1. Look for the relationship between the first two elements.
2. Test that relationship on the remaining elements.
3. If it fails, look for an alternating or two-step pattern.
4. Confirm the chosen answer fits every element, not just the closest one.

Common mistakes to avoid

• Settling on the first pattern that fits only part of the series.
• Missing an alternating pattern in a mixed sequence.
• Bringing outside assumptions into a purely logical question.

Where it appears: Standard in school aptitude tests, olympiads and competitive entrance exams.